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实词
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名词
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普通名词
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可数名词
- 个体名词
- 单复数
- 一般加 -s
- 以s,sh,ch,x结尾加-es
- 以ce,se,e,dge结尾加 -s
- 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i加-es
- 集体名词
- people, family
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不可数名词
- 物质名词
- glass, ice ,water
- 抽象名词
- beauty, peace, happiness
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专有名词
- China, the Great Wall
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所有格
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有生命的
- 规则变化
- 单数 加-'s
- 复数词尾没有s也要加-'s
- 词尾已有s,只加-'
- 不规则变化
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无生命的
- 名词 + of + 所有者
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双重所有格
- I have a picture of my uncle's.
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构词法 名词后缀
- 子主题 1
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代词
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人称代词
- 第一人称
- 第二人称
- 第三人称
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物主代词
- 名词性物主代词
- 形容词性物主代词
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反身代词
- self,selves
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指示代词
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单数
- this,that
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复数
- these,those
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疑问代词
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人
- who,whom,whose
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物
- what
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二者均可
- which
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不定代词
- some,any,no
- each,every,all
- many,much,few,little,a few,a little
- someone,somebody,
- both,either,neither,none
- one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those
- other,another
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对照表
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数词
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基数词
- 基数词+单词可数名词(+形容词)可构成符合形容词:five-year-old
- 基数词+hundred/thousand/million 表示确切数目
- hundreds/thousands/millions of 表示泛指数目
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序数词
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构词法
- 不规则
- 规则
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用法
- 一般前面要加 the
- 可与定冠词 a /an 连用,表示又一、再一
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分数词
- 分子用基数词,分母用序数词
- 分子大于1时,分母要用复数形式
- 分数+of+限定词+名词 作主语时谓语动词的单复数取决于名词的数
- half, quarter
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动词
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分类
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实义动词
- 及物动词 vt.
- 不及物动词 vi.
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系动词
- 状态系动词
- be
- 持续系动词
- keep,rest
- 表象系动词
- seem,appear
- 感官系动词
- feel,smell
- 变化系动词
- become,grow
- 终止系动词
- prove,turn out
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助动词
- 基本助动词
- have/has
- do/does/did
- be
- 半助动词
- 情态助动词
- shall/should
- will/would
- can/could
- must
- need
- dare
- ought to
- used to
- had better
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情态动词
- 只做情态动词
- must,may,might
- 可情态也可实义
- dare,need,can
- 具有情态动词特征
- have(had,has) to, ought to,used to
- 可情态也可做助动词
- can/could,will/would,shall/should
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动词的时态
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子主题 1
- 子主题 1
- 时态
- 现在
- 一般现在时
- do/does
- It seldom snows here.
- 现在进行时
- be doing
- He is doing well in his lessons.
- 现在完成时
- have/has done
- The old man has lived here for more than twenty years.
- 现在完成进行时
- have/has been doing
- The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.
- 过去
- 一般过去时
- did/was/were
- She often came to help us in those days.
- 过去进行时
- was/were doing
- They were building a dam last spring.
- 过去完成时
- had done
- As soon as we got to the station,the train had left.
- 过去完成进行时
- had been doing
- He had been working all day.
- 将来
- 一般将来时
- will do/be going to do
- It is going to rain.
- 将来进行时
- will be doing
- The train will be leaving in a second.
- 将来完成时
- will have done
- Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter
- 将来完成进行时
- shall/will have been doing
- By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting,we will have waited here for three hours
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动词的语态
- 主动语态
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被动语态
- be v-ed(过去分词)
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非谓语动词
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动词不定式
- to v
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动名词
- v-ing
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分词
- 过去分词
- v-ed
- 现在分词
- v-ing
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形容词
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概念
- 描写或修饰名词或代词的词
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位置
- be动词+形容词
- 形容词+名词
- 不定代词后
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句法功能
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当表语
- He looks happy. 他看起来很开心
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当宾语补足语
- I find English useful. 我发现英语很有用
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排列顺序
- 当两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时
- eg:限、观、形、龄、色、国、材
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形容词的比较级和最高级
- 比较级
- 最高级
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变化方式
- 规则变化
- 不规则变化
- good/well ,better, best
- bad/ill-worse-worst
- little-less-least
- many/much--more--most
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副词
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概念
- 用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子的词
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位置
- 副词修饰动词时,通常放在被修饰词的后面。
The little boy walked slowly. 这个小男孩走得很慢
- 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常位于被修饰的词前This game is very interesting. 这个游戏很有趣
- 副词修饰数词时,通常位于数词前。
The woman is over fifty. 这女人五十多了
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分类
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接意义分
- 时间副词
- now,soon,ago,today,early,finally,once,already等
- 地点副词
- in,on,at,here,above,back,nearby,outside,off...
- 方式副词
- carefully,fast,angrily,warmly....
- 程度副词
- almost,nearlly,very,rather,so,much,deeply,quite
- 频度副词
- always,often,ever,never,usually,once,twice
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按功能分
- 一般副词
- 疑问副词
- how,when,where,why
- 连接副词
- how,when,where,why,whether
- 方式副词
- slowly,quickly,loudly,well,fase,hard,badly
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特殊副词
- 与形容词同形
- high,deep,hard,early,fast,near,low,far,little...
- 以-ly结尾的
- 构词法
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比较级和最高级
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句中成分
- 状语
- 定语
- 表语
- 宾语补足语
- 介词宾语
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虚词
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介词
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分类
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简单介词
- between,like,after
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复合介词
- inside,into,throughout,outside
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分词介词
- including,considering,concerning,follwing
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短语介词
- in the middle of, in front of,
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介词短语做句中成分
- 状语
- 定语
- 表语
- 宾语补足语
- 主语补足语
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连词
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并列连词
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并列关系
- and,both and,neither nor,not only but also
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转折关系
- but,while,yet
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选择关系
- or,either or,not but
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因果关系
- so,for
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从属连词
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名词性从句
- 主语从句
- 宾词从句
- 表词从句
- 同位语从句
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非名词性从句
- 状语从句
- 比较状语从句
- than,as...as...,not so/as...as
- 方式状语从句
- as,as if/though
- 原因状语从句
- because,since,as
- 条件状语从句
- if,unless,so/as long as,
- 结果状语从句
- so,so...that...,such....that
- 让步状语从句
- though,although,ever if/though
- 目的状语从句
- in order that, so that
- 地点状语从句
- where, wherever
- 时间状语从句
- when,while,as,before,after,since,until,as soon as
- 定语从句
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冠词
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定冠词
- the
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不定冠词
- a
- an
- 不用冠词的情况
- 感叹词